The National Highways Authority of India’s (NHAI) four-lane project on National Highway 21 has sparked protests in the Mandi and Bilaspur districts of Himachal Pradesh. The local landowners, shopkeepers and farmers have demanded fair compensation for the land acquisition under the 84.83-kilometre Kiratpur to Ner Chowk four-lane project, affecting forest and non-forest land. The project work started in 2013.
In Mandi, the affected persons have collected under the banner of Four-lane Sangharsh Samiti to put forward their demands. Since, they have continued to protest, submitted memorandums, and filed court cases.
Similarly, in Bilaspur, the Four Lane Visthapit and Prabhavit Samiti are representing the affected persons. In 2016, the head of the Samiti claimed that the state did not compensate over 10,000 project-affected farmers.
The affected families are concerned about the low compensation rates offered, delay in compensation, and the loss of livelihoods due to the acquisition of their commercial, agricultural, and residential lands. The president of the Samiti in Mandi, retired army officer Khushal Thakur, has also claimed that the state government is violating the LARR 2013 Act.
As per a news report, the state government has applied "factor one" to the compensation rates, while the party manifesto at the time of the state election in 2017 had promised to apply "factor two", which would increase the compensation rates four-times the market value. Meanwhile, the Chief Minister assured that the government was contemplating over granting "factor two".
In July 2018, a news report stated that due to displacement, almost 90 per cent of the market in four of these villages, namely Thalot, Aut, Panasra and Dador, would be “wiped off”.
Another news article reported that the project led to the displacement of 350 families without compensation, though the award was announced in January 2018 itself. It also stated that the delay in construction was adding to the woes of the displaced.
In January 2019, the state government also set up a sub-committee to address the problem of compensation.
Meanwhile, the Four Lane Visthapit and Prabhavit Samiti, complained that NHAI was attempting to divert 75 Ha of forest land illegally and had dumped muck in the forest. Following this, the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change launched an inquiry into the issue.
In June 2020, the Ministry paused the project after finding the authority violation of the original plan. Subsequently, the district administrations were directed to take up an inquiry. In December, the Samiti’s head claimed that NHAI had still not removed the muck. The locals have also raised concerns about the poor conditions of the roads under construction as it is a landslide-prone region.
The project was supposed to complete in September 2021 after multiple delays. However, according to a news report, the project is now proposed to finish in March 2022 with increased costs as a consequence of the new expansion plan for two tunnels and the restrictions imposed by the lockdown. Meanwhile, the affected in the two districts continue to demand fair compensation.
In March 2021, NHAI was instructed to remove encroachments that were contributing to the delay in constructing the highway. In order to do this, compensation was paid to 38 individuals despite their being encroachers, as of 2024 these funds have not been recovered.
The Kiratpur-Nerchowk stretch of the highway opened for use in August 2023. However, the locals protested against toll charges. Besides the issue of tolls, people also protested that they were cut off from their lands, as the highway separated their house from their farms and there were no safe passages to cross the highway.
The Kiratpur-Manali stretch has also been repeatedly damaged, suggesting that the terrain is not suited for a four-lane highway. Three of the five four-lane highways in Himachal Pradesh were severely damaged in 2023. Mr. Abdul Basit, a senior NHAI official told NewsLaundry that damages to the Kiratpur-Malani highway alone were in excess of Rs 500 crore.
Experts, including the Disaster Management Cell of Himachal Pradesh acknowledged that the landslides in the state were mostly along roads and highways, indicating that slides were triggered by anthropogenic factors.
Demand/Contention of the Affected Community
Complaint against procedural violations
Demand for more compensation than promised
Demand for compensation
Demand for rehabilitation
Demand for better access to common land/resources
Other Demand/Contention of the Affected Community
Region Classification
Rural
Type of Land
Common and Private
Forest and Non-Forest
What was the action taken by the police?
How many people did the police detain or arrest?
What is the current status of the detained/accused persons?
Did the person face any violence while in police custody?
If any arrests took place, were the accused persons produced before a judge within 24 hours of the arrest?
If the accused was not produced before a magistrate within 24 hours, or not produced at all, what were the reasons?
Legislation under which the accused was charged
Was the accused person informed of their right to legal representation? Did the accused person have access to legal aid?
In cases where the accused person approached the court for bail, was bail granted?
Why was bail granted or rejected? If granted, what were the bail conditions and quantum of bail?
Details of sources (names of accused, names and numbers of any lawyers, names of any police officers contacted)
Status of Project
Project completed
Original Project Deadline
2021
Whether the Project has been Delayed
Yes
Significance of Land to Land Owners/Users
Agricultural land, Commercial
Whether the project was stalled due to land conflict
Yes
Source/Reference
https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/nhai-told-to-remove-kiratpur-manali-national-highway-encroachments-603147/
Total investment involved (in Crores):
₹
2291
Type of investment:
Cost of Project
Year of Estimation
2013
Has the Conflict Ended?
No
When did it end?
Why did the conflict end?
Categories of Legislations Involved in the Conflict
Land Acquisition Laws, Forest and Scheduled Area Governance Laws
Legislations/Policies Involved
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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Suspendisse varius enim in eros elementum tristique. Duis cursus, mi quis viverra ornare, eros dolor interdum nulla, ut commodo diam libero vitae erat. Aenean faucibus nibh et justo cursus id rutrum lorem imperdiet. Nunc ut sem vitae risus tristique posuere.
Whether claims/objections were made as per procedure in the relevant statute
Yes
What was the claim(s)/objection(s) raised by the community?
What was the Decision of the Concerned Government Department?
Legal Processes and Loopholes Enabling the Conflict:
Non-rehabilitation of displaced people
Delay in compensation
Controversial land acquisition by the government
Non-implementation/violation of LARR Act
Non-payment of compensation/promised compensation
Incorrect estimation of compensation
Legal Status:
Out of Court
Status of Case In Court
Pending
Whether any adjudicatory body was approached
No
Name of the adjudicatory body
Name(s) of the Court(s)
Himachal Pradesh High Court
Case Number
Main Reasoning/Decision of court
Major Human Rights Violations Related to the Conflict:
Whether criminal law was used against protestors:
No
Reported Details of the Violation:
Demolition of houses without compensation
Date of Violation
Location of Violation
Government Departments Involved in the Conflict:
National Highways Authority of India (NHAI)
PSUs Involved in the Conflict:
National Highways Authority of India (NHAI)
Did LCW Approach Government Authorities for Comments?
No
Name, Designation and Comment of the Government Authorities Approached
Corporate Parties Involved in the Conflict:
Kiratpur Ner Chowk Expressway Ltd. (KNCEL), Asian Development Bank
Did LCW Approach Corporate Parties for Comments?
No
Communities/Local Organisations in the Conflict:
Himachal Kisan Sabha; state unit of All India Kisan Sabha; Four-lane Sangharsh Samiti; Four Lane Visthapit and Prabhavit Samiti
What was the action taken by the police?
How many people did the police detain or arrest?
What is the current status of the detained/accused persons?
Did the person face any violence while in police custody?
If any arrests took place, were the accused persons produced before a judge within 24 hours of the arrest?
If the accused was not produced before a magistrate within 24 hours, or not produced at all, what were the reasons?
Legislation under which the accused was charged
Was the accused person informed of their right to legal representation? Did the accused person have access to legal aid?
In cases where the accused person approached the court for bail, was bail granted?
Why was bail granted or rejected? If granted, what were the bail conditions and quantum of bail?
Were there any other notable irregularities that took place, or other significant details?
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